When was richelieu political testament written

Wolsey was quite capable as Lord Chancellor, but his own interests were served more than that of the king: as powerful as he was, he still was subject to Henry's favor - losing Henry's confidence proved to be his downfall.

The early part of Henry's reign, however, saw the young king invade France, defeat Scottish forces at the Battle of Foldden Field in which James IV of Scotland was slain , and write a treatise denouncing Martin Luther's Reformist ideals, for which the pope awarded Henry the title "Defender of the Faith".

The 's witnessed Henry's growing involvement in government, and a series of events which greatly altered England, as well as the whole of Western Christendom: the separation of the Church of England from Roman Catholicism. A wise and successful leader, he says, should not use auxiliaries or mercenaries, as they will always lack unity and their true loyalty is always uncertain. For auxiliary troops, their loyalty is always to a rival, whom may betray the leader at any time.

Wise leaders also do not consider a victory with outside help to be a true victory. The Prince, Chapter 13, pg. The Prince, Chapter 12, pg. Before examining how the interaction of violence and politics lead to morality in the end, it is important to analyze exactly what Machiavelli demands of his Prince. First and foremost, Machiavelli harps upon the concept of fortune and virtue. By fortune, he means that everything is left to chance, while nothing will guarantee that a certain event will occur.

Machiavelli ties virtue very closely to that of prudence. Francois-Marie Arouet de Voltaire was a writer historian and a famous philosopher. Many of Voltaire essays contain big criticism of the Catholic Church; he saw the religion as an essential power to the public morals. Jean Jacque Rousseau was philosopher writer and composer. This was a threat to the power of the king. The different policies of the kings also affected the rise and fall of the French Monarchy.

The combination of class struggles, the enlightenment, and different policies of the kings were major contributing factors in the rise and fall of the French Monarchy. The first of the kings to deal with these problems was King Henry IV, who was an honorble ruler. Henry IV was king of France between and This caused the merging of the two houses and was known as the end of the Wars of the Roses.

Today, there is a small percent of doubt that the Wars cause a political uprising and made a difference in the balance of power. Which represents the present State of the King's Houshold; and sets forth what seems to be necessary, in order to put it into that in which it ought to be. Reason must be the Rule and Conduct of a State. Which shows that Public Interest should be the only End of those who govern States, or at least that it ought to be perferr'd to particular Advantages.

A Continual Negotiation contributes much towards the good Success of Affairs. One of the greatest Advantages, that can be procur'd to a State, is to give every one an Employment suitable to his Genius and Capacity. Of the Evil which Flatterers, Detractors, and Intriguers commonly occasion in States, and how necessary it is to remove them from Kings, and to banish them from their Courts.

Historical Observations. THE Contents. All Digital Collections. Add to bookbag. It is an ordinary allegation, but more true, and often repeated by all men, that rewards and punishments are the two most important tools of government available in a realm. If one helped the king, they were rewarded with more honor and a higher position; if they resisted, they lost everything. This strengthened the kingship as well. Those he rewarded would be assets to the kingdom, while those he punished would serve as warnings to those who considered resisting.

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